Marine life  /  Flatfish  /  Leopard flounder
Reviewed 2026-09-06
Species entry

Leopard flounder

Bothus pantherinus

A left-eyed flounder of open sand with a dark blotch where the lateral line curves.

Size
To 30 cm
Depth
2–30 m
Habitat
Open sand and silt
Active
Day and night
Range
Indo-Pacific
Rarity
Lembeh Strait
1 star of 5, found on most dives
Leopard flounder, Bothus pantherinus
Simon Buxton

A left-eyed flounder to about 30 cm, both eyes on the upper side and the underside blank white. The upper surface is sandy grey-brown with a dense scatter of dark spots and pale blue rings and blotches, and the character usually relied on is a single strong dark blotch sitting on the lateral line where it curves over the pectoral region. Males have the eyes set further apart and the pectoral fin of the eyed side drawn out into a long filament, which is raised in display. The peacock flounder Bothus mancus shares the range and the pale rings but is more boldly marked with large well-spaced blue rings, has a far longer pectoral filament in the male, lacks the single dominant lateral-line blotch and tends to keep to clean sand beside reef; the small Engyprosopon and Pseudorhombus flounders of the same sand are plainer and rarely exceed 15 cm.

Lies flat on sand and silt and buries by shivering the fin margins until sediment covers everything but the eyes, which move independently and stand clear on short stalks. It changes colour and pattern to match the ground below it within a minute or so. An ambush predator on small fish and crustaceans, taken with a short lunge. Recorded from about 2 to 40 m and one of the animals seen on effectively every muck dive at these destinations, usually as a shape that resolves out of the sand once it moves. A disturbed fish glides a few metres, settles and buries again in the same way, and the second approach is usually closer than the first because the animal has already committed to a spot.

Where to find:

LocationRarity Best monthsDepthHabitat
Lembeh Strait Indonesia editorial estimate
1 star of 5, found on most dives
Year-round
2–30 m
Open sand and silt
Dauin & Dumaguete Philippines editorial estimate
1 star of 5, found on most dives
Year-round
2–30 m
Open sand
Anilao Philippines editorial estimate
2 stars of 5, usually seen in a week
Year-round
2–30 m
Open sand
Ambon Indonesia editorial estimate
2 stars of 5, usually seen in a week
Year-round
2–30 m
Open sand and silt
Bali Indonesia editorial estimate
2 stars of 5, usually seen in a week
Year-round
2–30 m
Open sand and rubble

Ratings are per location: 1 means found on most dives that look for it, 5 means a handful of records. Where enough dives have been logged the figure is calculated from them; otherwise it is an editorial estimate, and says so. We publish habitat and destination, not the dive site.

Related species

SP
banded sole
16:10
Banded sole
Soleichthys heterorhinos
SP
caribbean peacock flounder
16:10
Caribbean peacock flounder
Bothus lunatus
SP
cockatoo flounder
16:10
Cockatoo flounder
Samaris cristatus
SP
dwarf flounder
16:10
Dwarf flounder
Engyprosopon